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The Central Government notifies revised Income Computation and Disclosure Standards to be followed by all assessees following the mercantile system of accounting. The assessees must use these standards for the purpose of computation of income chargeable to income-tax under the head Profits and gains of business or profession or Income from other sources. Individuals and Hindu undivided families who do not require an audit of accounts under section 44AB are exempt from these standards. The notification applies to the assessment year 2017-18 and subsequent assessment years.
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[TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE GAZETTE OF INDIA, EXTRAORDINARY, PART-II, SECTION 3, SUB-SECTION (ii)]
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF FINANCE (DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE) (CENTRAL BOARD OF DIRECT TAXES)
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 29th September, 2016
S.O. 3079 (E) In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (2) of section 145 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961, the Central Government hereby notifies the income computation and disclosure standards as specified in the Annexure to this notification to be followed by all assessees (other than an individual or a Hindu undivided family who is not required to get his accounts of the previous year audited in accordance with the provisions of section 44AB of the said Act) following the mercantile system of accounting, for the purposes of computation of income chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources”. 2. This notification shall apply to the assessment year 2017-18 and subsequent assessment years.
Annexure A. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard I relating to accounting policies
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of accounts.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
Fundamental Accounting Assumptions
“Going concern” refers to the assumption that the person has neither the intention nor the necessity of liquidation or of curtailing materially the scale of the business, profession or vocation and intends to continue his business, profession or vocation for the foreseeable future.
“Consistency” refers to the assumption that accounting policies are consistent from one period to another;
“Accrual” refers to the assumption that revenues and costs are accrued, that is, recognised as they are earned or incurred (and not as money is received or paid) and recorded in the previous year to which they relate.
Accounting Policies
Considerations in the Selection and Change of Accounting Policies
Disclosure of Accounting Policies
All significant accounting policies adopted by a person shall be disclosed.
Any change in an accounting policy which has a material effect shall be disclosed. The amount by which any item is affected by such change shall also be disclosed to the extent ascertainable. Where such amount is not ascertainable, wholly or in part, the fact shall be indicated. If a change is made in the accounting policies which has no material effect for the current previous year but which is reasonably expected to have a material effect in later previous years, the fact of such change shall be appropriately disclosed in the previous year in which the change is adopted and also in the previous year in which such change has material effect for the first time.
Disclosure of accounting policies or of changes therein cannot remedy a wrong or inappropriate treatment of the item.
If the fundamental accounting assumptions of Going Concern, Consistency and Accrual are followed, specific disclosure is not required. If a fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, the fact shall be disclosed.
Transitional Provisions
B. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard II relating to valuation of inventories
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of Business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of accounts.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
(a) Work-in-progress arising under ‘construction contract’ including directly related service contract which is dealt with by the Income Computation and Disclosure Standard on construction contracts;
(b) Work-in-progress which is dealt with by other Income Computation and Disclosure Standard;
(c) Shares, debentures and other financial instruments held as stock-in-trade which are dealt with by the Income Computation and Disclosure Standard on securities;
(d) Producers’ inventories of livestock, agriculture and forest products, mineral oils, ores and gases to the extent that they are measured at net realisable value;
(e) Machinery spares, which can be used only in connection with a tangible fixed asset and their use is expected to be irregular, shall be dealt with in accordance with the Income Computation and Disclosure Standard on tangible fixed assets. Definitions
2(1) The following terms are used in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
(a) “Inventories” are assets:
(i) held for sale in the ordinary course of business;
(ii) in the process of production for such sale;
(iii) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services.
(b) “Net realisable value” is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
2(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meanings assigned to them in that Act.
Measurement
Cost of Inventories
Costs of Purchase
Costs of Services
Costs of Conversion
The costs of conversion of inventories shall include costs directly related to the units of production and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods. Fixed production overheads shall be those indirect costs of production that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume of production. Variable production overheads shall be those indirect costs of production that vary directly or nearly directly, with the volume of production.
The allocation of fixed production overheads for the purpose of their inclusion in the costs of conversion shall be based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Normal capacity shall be the production expected to be achieved on an average over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance. The actual level of production shall be used when it approximates to normal capacity. The amount of fixed production overheads allocated to each unit of production shall not be increased as a consequence of low production or idle plant. Unallocated overheads shall be recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed production overheads allocated to each unit of production is decreased so that inventories are not measured above the cost. Variable production overheads shall be assigned to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of the production facilities.
Where a production process results in more than one product being produced simultaneously and the costs of conversion of each product are not separately identifiable, the costs shall be allocated between the products on a rational and consistent basis. Where by-products, scrap or waste material are immaterial, they shall be measured at net realisable value and this value shall be deducted from the cost of the main product.
Other Costs
Other costs shall be included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Interest and other borrowing costs shall not be included in the costs of inventories, unless they meet the criteria for recognition of interest as a component of the cost as specified in the Income Computation and Disclosure Standard on borrowing costs.
Exclusions from the Cost of Inventories
Cost Formulae
‘Specific identification of cost’ means specific costs are attributed to identified items of inventory.
Where there are a large numbers of items of inventory which are ordinarily interchangeable, specific identification of costs shall not be made.
First-in First-out and Weighted Average Cost Formula
Cost of inventories, other than the inventory dealt with in paragraph 13, shall be assigned by using the First-in First-out (FIFO), or weighted average cost formula. The formula used shall reflect the fairest possible approximation to the cost incurred in bringing the items of inventory to their present location and condition.
The FIFO formula assumes that the items of inventory which were purchased or produced first are consumed or sold first, and consequently the items remaining in inventory at the end of the period are those most recently purchased or produced. Under the weighted average cost formula, the cost of each item is determined from the weighted average of the cost of similar items at the beginning of a period and the cost of similar items purchased or produced during the period. The average shall be calculated on a periodic basis, or as each additional shipment is received, depending upon the circumstances.
Techniques for the Measurement of Cost
18(1) Techniques for the measurement of the cost of inventories, such as the standard cost method or the retail method, may be used for convenience if the results approximate the actual cost. Standard costs take into account normal levels of consumption of materials and supplies, labour, efficiency and capacity utilisation. They are regularly reviewed and, if necessary, revised in the light of the current conditions.
18(2) The retail method can be used in the retail trade for measuring inventories of large number of rapidly changing items that have similar margins and for which it is impracticable to use other costing methods. The cost of the inventory is determined by reducing from the sales value of the inventory, the appropriate percentage gross margin. The percentage used takes into consideration inventory, which has been marked down to below its original selling price. An average percentage for each retail department is to be used.
Net Realisable Value
Inventories shall be written down to net realisable value on an item-by-item basis. Where ‘items of inventory' relating to the same product line having similar purposes or end uses and are produced and marketed in the same geographical area and cannot be practicably evaluated separately from other items in that product line, such inventories shall be grouped together and written down to net realisable value on an aggregate basis.
Net realisable value shall be based on the most reliable evidence available at the time of valuation. The estimates of net realisable value shall also take into consideration the purpose for which the inventory is held. The estimates shall take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of previous year to the extent that such events confirm the conditions existing on the last day of the previous year.
Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories shall not be written down below the cost, where the finished products in which they shall be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above the cost. Where there has been a decline in the price of materials and it is estimated that the cost of finished products will exceed the net realisable value, the value of materials shall be written down to net realisable value which shall be the replacement cost of such materials.
Value of Opening Inventory
Change of Method of Valuation of Inventory
Valuation of Inventory in Case of Certain Dissolutions
Transitional Provisions
Disclosure
C. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard III relating to construction contracts
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of accounts.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961(‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
Definitions
2 (1) The following terms are used in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
(a) “Construction contract” is a contract specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset or a combination of assets that are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use and includes :
(i) contract for the rendering of services which are directly related to the construction of the asset, for example, those for the services of project managers and architects;
(ii) contract for destruction or restoration of assets, and the restoration of the environment following the demolition of assets.
(b) “Fixed price contract” is a construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which may be subject to cost escalation clauses.
(c) “Cost plus contract” is a construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus a mark up on these costs or a fixed fee.
(d) “Retentions” are amounts of progress billings which are not paid until the satisfaction of conditions specified in the contract for the payment of such amounts or until defects have been rectified.
(e) “Progress billings” are amounts billed for work performed on a contract whether or not they have been paid by the customer.
(f) “Advances” are amounts received by the contractor before the related work is performed.
2(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meaning respectively assigned to them in the Act.
A construction contract may be negotiated for the construction of a single asset. A construction contract may also deal with the construction of a number of assets which are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use.
Construction contracts are formulated in a number of ways which, for the purposes of this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, are classified as fixed price contracts and cost plus contracts. Some construction contracts may contain characteristics of both a fixed price contract and a cost plus contract, for example, in the case of a cost plus contract with an agreed maximum price.
Combining and Segmenting Construction Contracts
The requirements of this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard shall be applied separately to each construction contract except as provided for in paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 herein. For reflecting the substance of a contract or a group of contracts, where it is necessary, the Income Computation and Disclosure Standard should be applied to the separately identifiable components of a single contract or to a group of contracts together.
Where a contract covers a number of assets, the construction of each asset should be treated as a separate construction contract when:
Contract Revenue
Contract revenue shall be recognised when there is reasonable certainty of its ultimate collection.
Contract revenue shall comprise of:
Contract Costs
These costs shall be reduced by any incidental income, not being in the nature of interest, dividends or capital gains, that is not included in contract revenue.
Costs that cannot be attributed to any contract activity or cannot be allocated to a contract shall be excluded from the costs of a construction contract.
Contract costs include the costs attributable to a contract for the period from the date of securing the contract to the final completion of the contract. Costs that are incurred in securing the contract are also included as part of the contract costs, provided
When costs incurred in securing a contract are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred, they are not included in contract costs when the contract is obtained in a subsequent period.
Recognition of Contract Revenue and Expenses
Contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract should be recognised as revenue and expenses respectively by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the reporting date.
The recognition of revenue and expenses by reference to the stage of completion of a contract is referred to as the percentage of completion method. Under this method, contract revenue is matched with the contract costs incurred in reaching the stage of completion, resulting in the reporting of revenue, expenses and profit which can be attributed to the proportion of work completed.
The stage of completion of a contract shall be determined with reference to:
Progress payments and advances received from customers are not determinative of the stage of completion of a contract.
Changes in Estimates
Transitional Provisions
22.1 Contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract, which commenced on or after 1st day of April, 2016 shall be recognised in accordance with the provisions of this standard.
22.2 Contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract, which commenced on or before the 31st day of March, 2016 but not completed by the said date, shall be recognised based on the method regularly followed by the person prior to the previous year beginning on the 1st day of April, 2016.
Disclosure
D. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard IV relating to revenue recognition
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of accounts.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
1(1) This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard deals with the bases for recognition of revenue arising in the course of the ordinary activities of a person from
(i) the sale of goods;
(ii) the rendering of services;
(iii) the use by others of the person’s resources yielding interest, royalties or dividends.
1(2) This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard does not deal with the aspects of revenue recognition which are dealt with by other Income Computation and Disclosure Standards.
Definitions
2(1) The following term is used in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
(a) “Revenue” is the gross inflow of cash, receivables or other consideration arising in the course of the ordinary activities of a person from the sale of goods, from the rendering of services, or from the use by others of the person’s resources yielding interest, royalties or dividends. In an agency relationship, the revenue is the amount of commission and not the gross inflow of cash, receivables or other consideration.
2(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meanings assigned to them in that Act.
Sale of Goods
In a transaction involving the sale of goods, the revenue shall be recognised when the seller of goods has transferred to the buyer the property in the goods for a price or all significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer and the seller retains no effective control of the goods transferred to a degree usually associated with ownership. In a situation, where transfer of property in goods does not coincide with the transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership, revenue in such a situation shall be recognised at the time of transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer.
Revenue shall be recognised when there is reasonable certainty of its ultimate collection.
Where the ability to assess the ultimate collection with reasonable certainty is lacking at the time of raising any claim for escalation of price and export incentives, revenue recognition in respect of such claim shall be postponed to the extent of uncertainty involved.
Rendering of Services
Subject to Para 7, revenue from service transactions shall be recognised by the percentage completion method. Under this method, revenue from service transactions is matched with the service transaction costs incurred in reaching the stage of completion, resulting in the determination of revenue, expenses and profit which can be attributed to the proportion of work completed. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard on construction contract also requires the recognition of revenue on this basis. The requirements of that Standard shall mutatis mutandis apply to the recognition of revenue and the associated expenses for a service transaction. However, when services are provided by an indeterminate number of acts over a specific period of time, revenue may be recognised on a straight line basis over the specific period.
Revenue from service contracts with duration of not more than ninety days may be recognised when the rendering of services under that contract is completed or substantially completed.
The Use of Resources by Others Yielding Interest, Royalties or Dividends
(2) Interest on refund of any tax, duty or cess shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which such interest is received.
(3) Discount or premium on debt securities held is treated as though it were accruing over the period to maturity.
Royalties shall accrue in accordance with the terms of the relevant agreement and shall be recognised on that basis unless, having regard to the substance of the transaction, it is more appropriate to recognise revenue on some other systematic and rational basis.
Dividends are recognised in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
Transitional Provisions
The transitional provisions of Income Computation and Disclosure Standard on construction contract shall mutatis mutandis apply to the recognition of revenue and the associated costs for a service transaction undertaken on or before the 31st day of March, 2016 but not completed by the said date.
Revenue for a transaction, other than a service transaction referred to in Para 10, undertaken on or before the 31st day of March, 2016 but not completed by the said date shall be recognised in accordance with the provisions of this standard for the previous year commencing on the 1st day of April, 2016 and subsequent previous year. The amount of revenue, if any, recognised for the said transaction for any previous year commencing on or before the 1st day of April, 2015 shall be taken into account for recognising revenue for the said transaction for the previous year commencing on the 1st day of April, 2016 and subsequent previous years.
Disclosure
E. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard V relating to tangible fixed assets Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of accounts.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
Definitions
2(1) The following terms are used in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meanings assigned to them in that Act.
Identification of Tangible Fixed Assets
The definition in clause (a) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2 provides criteria for determining whether an item is to be classified as a tangible fixed asset.
Stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are to be capitalised. Machinery spares shall be charged to the revenue as and when consumed. When such spares can be used only in connection with an item of tangible fixed asset and their use is expected to be irregular, they shall be capitalised.
Components of Actual Cost 5. The actual cost of an acquired tangible fixed asset shall comprise its purchase price, import duties and other taxes, excluding those subsequently recoverable, and any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use. Any trade discounts and rebates shall be deducted in arriving at the actual cost.
Administration and other general overhead expenses are to be excluded from the cost of tangible fixed assets if they do not relate to a specific tangible fixed asset. Expenses which are specifically attributable to construction of a project or to the acquisition of a tangible fixed asset or bringing it to its working condition, shall be included as a part of the cost of the project or as a part of the cost of the tangible fixed asset.
The expenditure incurred on start-up and commissioning of the project, including the expenditure incurred on test runs and experimental production, shall be capitalised. The expenditure incurred after the plant has begun commercial production, that is, production intended for sale or captive consumption, shall be treated as revenue expenditure.
Self- constructed Tangible Fixed Assets
specific tangible fixed asset and costs that are attributable to the construction activity in general and can be allocated to the specific tangible fixed asset shall be included in actual cost. Any internal profits shall be eliminated in arriving at such costs.
Non- monetary Consideration 10. When a tangible fixed asset is acquired in exchange for another asset, the fair value of the tangible fixed asset so acquired shall be its actual cost.
Improvements and Repairs
An Expenditure that increases the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance is added to the actual cost.
The cost of an addition or extension to an existing tangible fixed asset which is of a capital nature and which becomes an integral part of the existing tangible fixed asset is to be added to its actual cost. Any addition or extension, which has a separate identity and is capable of being used after the existing tangible fixed asset is disposed of, shall be treated as separate asset.
Valuation of Tangible Fixed Assets in Special Cases
Where a person owns tangible fixed assets jointly with others, the proportion in the actual cost, accumulated depreciation and written down value is grouped together with similar fully owned tangible fixed assets.
Where several assets are purchased for a consolidated price, the consideration shall be apportioned to the various assets on a fair basis.
Transitional Provisions
The actual cost of tangible fixed assets, acquisition or construction of which commenced on or before the 31st day of March, 2016 but not completed by the said date, shall be recognised in accordance with the provisions of this standard. The amount of actual cost, if any, recognised for the said assets for any previous year commencing on or before the 1st day of April, 2015 shall be taken into account for recognising actual cost of the said assets for the previous year commencing on the 1st day of April, 2016 and subsequent previous years. Depreciation
Depreciation on a tangible fixed asset shall be computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
Transfers
Disclosures
F. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard VI relating to the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of accounts.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
Definitions
(a) “Average rate” is the mean of the exchange rates in force during a period.
(b) “Closing rate” is the exchange rate at the last day of the previous year.
(c) “Exchange difference” is the difference resulting from reporting the same number of units of a foreign currency in the reporting currency of a person at different exchange rates.
(d) “Exchange rate” is the ratio for exchange of two currencies.
(e) “Foreign currency” is a currency other than the reporting currency of a person.
(f) “Foreign operations of a person” is a branch, by whatever name called, of that person, the activities of which are based or conducted in a country other than India.
(g) “Foreign currency transaction” is a transaction which is denominated in or requires settlement in a foreign currency, including transactions arising when a person:—
(h) “Forward exchange contract” means an agreement to exchange different currencies at a forward rate, and includes a foreign currency option contract or another financial instrument of a similar nature;
(i) “Forward rate” is the specified exchange rate for exchange of two Currencies at a specified future date;
(j) “Indian currency” shall have the meaning as assigned to it in section 2 of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (42 of 1999);
(k) “Monetary items” are money held and assets to be received or liabilities to be paid in fixed or determinable amounts of money. Cash, receivables, and payables are examples of monetary items;
(l) “Non-monetary items” are assets and liabilities other than monetary items. Fixed assets, inventories, and investments in equity shares are examples of non-monetary items;
(m) “Reporting currency” means Indian currency except for foreign operations where it shall mean currency of the country where the operations are carried out.
(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meaning assigned to them in the Act.
Foreign Currency Transactions Preamble Initial Recognition
3(1) A foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial recognition in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.
(2) An average rate for a week or a month that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction may be used for all transaction in each foreign currency occurring during that period. If the exchange rate fluctuates significantly, the actual rate at the date of the transaction shall be used.
Conversion at Last Date of Previous Year
(a) foreign currency monetary items shall be converted into reporting currency by applying the closing rate;
(b) where the closing rate does not reflect with reasonable accuracy, the amount in reporting currency that is likely to be realised from or required to disburse, a foreign currency monetary item owing to restriction on remittances or the closing rate being unrealistic and it is not possible to effect an exchange of currencies at that rate, then the relevant monetary item shall be reported in the reporting currency at the amount which is likely to be realised from or required to disburse such item at the last date of the previous year; and
(c) non-monetary items in a foreign currency shall be converted into reporting currency by using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.
(d) non-monetary item being inventory which is carried at net realisable value denominated in a foreign currency shall be reported using the exchange rate that existed when such value was determined.
Recognition of Exchange Differences
(ii) In respect of non-monetary items, exchange differences arising on conversion thereof at the last day of the previous year shall not be recognised as income or as expense in that previous year.
Exceptions to Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5
Financial Statements of Foreign Operations
Forward Exchange Contracts
(2) The provisions of sub-para (1) shall apply provided that the contract:
(3) The provisions of sub-para (1) shall not apply to the contract that is entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction. For this purpose, firm commitment, shall not include assets and liabilities existing at the end of the previous year.
(4) The premium or discount that arises on the contract is measured by the difference between the exchange rate at the date of the inception of the contract and the forward rate specified in the contract. Exchange difference on the contract is the difference between:
(5) Premium, discount or exchange difference on contracts that are intended for trading or speculation purposes, or that are entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction shall be recognised at the time of settlement.
Transitional Provisions
(2) Exchange differences arising in respect of monetary items or non-monetary items, on the settlement thereof during the previous year commencing on the 1st day of April, 2016 or on conversion thereof at the last day of the previous year commencing on the 1st day of April, 2016 , shall be recognised in accordance with the provisions of this standard after taking into account the amount recognised on the last day of the previous year ending on the 31st March, 2016 for an item, if any, which is carried forward from said previous year.
(3) The financial statements of foreign operations for the previous year commencing on the 1st day of April, 2016 shall be translated using the principles and procedures specified in this standard after taking into account the amount recognised on the last day of the previous year ending on the 31st March, 2016 for an item, if any, which is carried forward from said previous year.
(4) All forward exchange contracts existing on the 1st day of April, 2016 or entered on or after 1st day of April, 2016 shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of this standard after taking into account the income or expenses, if any, recognised in respect of said contracts for the previous year ending on or before the 31st March,2016.
G. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard VII relating to government grants
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of account.
In case of conflict between the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
Definitions
3(1) The following terms are used in the Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
4(2) Recognition of Government grant shall not be postponed beyond the date of actual receipt. Treatment of Government Grants 5. Where the Government grant relates to a depreciable fixed asset or assets of a person, the grant shall be deducted from the actual cost of the asset or assets concerned or from the written down value of block of assets to which concerned asset or assets belonged to.
Where the Government grant relates to a non-depreciable asset or assets of a person requiring fulfillment of certain obligations, the grant shall be recognised as income over the same period over which the cost of meeting such obligations is charged to income.
Where the Government grant is of such a nature that it cannot be directly relatable to the asset acquired, so much of the amount which bears to the total Government grant, the same proportion as such asset bears to all the assets in respect of or with reference to which the Government grant is so received, shall be deducted from the actual cost of the asset or shall be reduced from the written down value of block of assets to which the asset or assets belonged to.
The Government grant that is receivable as compensation for expenses or losses incurred in a previous financial year or for the purpose of giving immediate financial support to the person with no further related costs, shall be recognised as income of the period in which it is receivable.
The Government grants other than covered by paragraph 5, 6, 7, and 8 shall be recognised as income over the periods necessary to match them with the related costs which they are intended to compensate.
The Government grants in the form of non-monetary assets, given at a concessional rate, shall be accounted for on the basis of their acquisition cost.
Refund of Government Grants
The amount refundable in respect of a Government grant referred to in paragraphs 6, 8 and 9 shall be applied first against any unamortised deferred credit remaining in respect of the Government grant. To the extent that the amount refundable exceeds any such deferred credit, or where no deferred credit exists, the amount shall be charged to profit and loss statement.
The amount refundable in respect of a Government grant related to a depreciable fixed asset or assets shall be recorded by increasing the actual cost or written down value of block of assets by the amount refundable. Where the actual cost of the asset is increased, depreciation on the revised actual cost or written down value shall be provided prospectively at the prescribed rate.
Transitional Provisions
Disclosures
H. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard VIII relating to securities Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of account.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Part A Scope
This part of Income Computation and Disclosure Standard deals with securities held as stock-in-trade.
This part of Income Computation and Disclosure Standard does not deal with:
(a) the bases for recognition of interest and dividends on securities which are covered by the Income Computation and Disclosure Standard on revenue recognition;
(b) securities held by a person engaged in the business of insurance;
(c) securities held by mutual funds, venture capital funds, banks and public financial institutions formed under a Central or a State Act or so declared under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) or the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013).
Definitions
3(1) The following terms are used in this part of Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
(a) “Fair value” is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between a knowledgeable, willing buyer and a knowledgeable, willing seller in an arm’s length transaction.
(b) “Securities” shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (h) of Section 2 of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956) and shall include share of a company in which public are not substantially interested but shall not include derivatives referred to in sub-clause (ia) of that clause (h).
3(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this part of Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meaning respectively assigned to them in the Act.
Recognition and Initial Measurement of Securities
A security on acquisition shall be recognised at actual cost.
The actual cost of a security shall comprise of its purchase price and include acquisition charges such as brokerage, fees, tax, duty or cess.
Where a security is acquired in exchange for other securities, the fair value of the security so acquired shall be its actual cost.
Where a security is acquired in exchange for another asset, the fair value of the security so acquired shall be its actual cost.
Where unpaid interest has accrued before the acquisition of an interest-bearing security and is included in the price paid for the security, the subsequent receipt of interest is allocated between pre-acquisition and post-acquisition periods; the pre-acquisition portion of the interest is deducted from the actual cost.
Subsequent Measurement of Securities
At the end of any previous year, securities held as stock-in-trade shall be valued at actual cost initially recognised or net realisable value at the end of that previous year, whichever is lower.
For the purpose of para 9, the comparison of actual cost initially recognised and net realisable value shall be done categorywise and not for each individual security. For this purpose, securities shall be classified into the following categories, namely:-
(a) shares;
(b) debt securities;
(c) convertible securities; and
(d) any other securities not covered above.
(a) the cost of securities available, if any, on the day of the commencement of the business when the business has commenced during the previous year; and
(b) the value of the securities of the business as on the close of the immediately preceding previous year, in any other case.
Notwithstanding anything contained in para 9, 10 and 11, at the end of any previous year, securities not listed on a recognised stock exchange; or listed but not quoted on a recognised stock exchange with regularity from time to time, shall be valued at actual cost initially recognised.
For the purposes of para 9, 10 and 11 where the actual cost initially recognised cannot be ascertained by reference to specific identification, the cost of such security shall be determined on the basis of first-in-first-out method or weighted average cost formula.
Part B
Scope
Definitions
2(1) The following terms are used in this part of Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
(a) “Scheduled Bank” shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (ii) of the Explanation to clause (viia) of sub-section (1) of section 36 of the Act.
(b) “Securities” shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (h) of Section 2 of the Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956) and shall include share of a company in which public are not substantially interested;
2(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this part of Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meaning respectively assigned to them in the Act.
Classification, Recognition and Measurement of Securities
I. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard IX relating to borrowing costs
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of account.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
(2) This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard does not deal with the actual or imputed cost of owners’ equity and preference share capital.
Definitions
(a) “Borrowing costs” are interest and other costs incurred by a person in connection with the borrowing of funds and include:
(i) commitment charges on borrowings;
(ii) amortised amount of discounts or premiums relating to borrowings;
(iii) amortised amount of ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings;
(iv) finance charges in respect of assets acquired under finance leases or under other similar arrangements.
(b) “Qualifying asset” means:
(i) land, building, machinery, plant or furniture, being tangible assets;
(ii) know-how, patents, copyrights, trade marks, licences, franchises or any other business or commercial rights of similar nature, being intangible assets;
(iii) inventories that require a period of twelve months or more to bring them to a saleable condition.
(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meaning assigned to them in the Act.
Recognition
Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset shall be capitalised as part of the cost of that asset. The amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation shall be determined in accordance with this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard. Other borrowing costs shall be recognised in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
For the purposes of this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, “capitalisation” in the context of inventory referred to in item (iii) of clause (b) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2 means addition of borrowing cost to the cost of inventory.
Borrowing Costs Eligible for Capitalisation
“6. Subject to Para 8, in respect of borrowing other than those referred to in Para 5, if any, the amount of borrowing costs to be capitalised shall be computed in accordance with the following formula namely :—
$$\text{A} \times \frac{\text{B}}{\text{C}}$$
Where A = borrowing costs incurred during the previous year except on borrowings referred to in Para 5 above;
B = (i) the average of costs of qualifying asset as appearing in the balance sheet of a person on the first day and the last day of the previous year; (ii) in case the qualifying asset does not appear in the balance sheet of a person on the first day, half of the cost of qualifying asset; or (iii) in case the qualifying asset does not appear in the balance sheet of a person on the last day of the previous year, the average of the costs of qualifying asset as appearing in the balance sheet of a person on the first day of the previous year and on the date of put to use or completion, as the case may be,
excluding the extent to which the qualifying assets are directly funded out of specific borrowings;
C = the average of the amount of total assets as appearing in the balance sheet of a person on the first day and the last day of the previous year, other than assets to the extent they are directly funded out of specific borrowings;
Explanation — For the purpose of this paragraph, a qualifying asset shall be such asset that necessarily require a period of twelve months or more for its acquisition, construction or production.
Commencement of Capitalisation
(a) in a case referred to in paragraph 5, from the date on which funds were borrowed;
(b) in a case referred to in paragraph 6, from the date on which funds were utilised.
Cessation of Capitalisation
(a) in case of a qualifying asset referred to in item (i) and (ii) of clause (b) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2, when such asset is first put to use;
(b) in case of inventory referred to in item (iii) of clause (b) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2, when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare such inventory for its intended sale are complete.
(a) in case of part of a qualifying asset referred to in item (i) and (ii) of clause (b) of sub- paragraph (1) of paragraph 2, when such part of a qualifying asset is first put to use;
(b) in case of part of inventory referred to in item (iii) of clause (b) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2, when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare such part of inventory for its intended sale are complete.
Transitional Provisions
Disclosure
(a) the accounting policy adopted for borrowing costs; and
(b) the amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the previous year.
J. Income Computation and Disclosure Standard X relating to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets
Preamble
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard is applicable for computation of income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” and not for the purpose of maintenance of books of accounts.
In the case of conflict between the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’) and this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard, the provisions of the Act shall prevail to that extent.
Scope
This Income Computation and Disclosure Standard does not deal with the recognition of revenue which is dealt with by Income Computation and Disclosure Standard - Revenue Recognition.
The term ‘provision’ is also used in the context of items such as depreciation, impairment of assets and doubtful debts which are adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and are not addressed in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard.
Definitions
4(1) The following terms are used in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard with the meanings specified:
(a) “Provision” is a liability which can be measured only by using a substantial degree of estimation.
(b) “Liability” is a present obligation of the person arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the person of resources embodying economic benefits.
(c) “Obligating event” is an event that creates an obligation that results in a person having no realistic alternative to settling that obligation.
(d) “Contingent liability” is:
(i) a possible obligation that arises from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or nonoccurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the person; or
(ii) a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because:
(A) it is not reasonably certain that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or
(B) a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation cannot be made.
(e) “Contingent asset” is a possible asset that arises from past events the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or nonoccurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the person.
(f) “Executory contracts” are contracts under which neither party has performed any of its obligations or both parties have partially performed their obligations to an equal extent.
(g) “Present obligation” is an obligation if, based on the evidence available, its existence at the end of the previous year is considered reasonably certain.
4(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in this Income Computation and Disclosure Standard but defined in the Act shall have the meaning respectively assigned to them in the Act.
Recognition
Provisions
(a) a person has a present obligation as a result of a past event;
(b) it is reasonably certain that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and
(c) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
If these conditions are not met, no provision shall be recognised.
No provision shall be recognised for costs that need to be incurred to operate in the future.
It is only those obligations arising from past events existing independently of a person’s future actions, that is the future conduct of its business, that are recognised as provisions.
Where details of a proposed new law have yet to be finalised, an obligation arises only when the legislation is enacted.
Contingent Liabilities
Contingent Assets
A person shall not recognise a contingent asset.
Contingent assets are assessed continually and when it becomes reasonably certain that inflow of economic benefit will arise, the asset and related income are recognised in the previous year in which the change occurs.
Measurement
Best Estimate
The amount recognised as a provision shall be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the previous year. The amount of a provision shall not be discounted to its present value.
The amount recognised as asset and related income shall be the best estimate of the value of economic benefit arising at the end of the previous year. The amount and related income shall not be discounted to its present value.
Reimbursements
Where some or all of the expenditure required to settle a provision is expected to be reimbursed by another party, the reimbursement shall be recognised when it is reasonably certain that reimbursement will be received if the person settles the obligation. The amount recognised for the reimbursement shall not exceed the amount of the provision.
Where a person is not liable for payment of costs in case the third party fails to pay, no provision shall be made for those costs.
An obligation, for which a person is jointly and severally liable, is a contingent liability to the extent that it is expected that the obligation will be settled by the other parties.
Review
Provisions shall be reviewed at the end of each previous year and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer reasonably certain that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provision should be reversed.
An asset and related income recognised as provided in para 11 shall be reviewed at the end of each previous year and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer reasonably certain that an inflow of economic benefits will arise, the asset and related income shall be reversed.
Use of Provisions
Transitional Provisions
Disclosure
21(1) Following disclosure shall be made in respect of each class of provision, namely:-
(a) a brief description of the nature of the obligation;
(b) the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the previous year;
(c) additional provisions made during the previous year, including increases to existing provisions;
(d) amounts used, that is incurred and charged against the provision, during the previous year;
(e) unused amounts reversed during the previous year; and
(f) the amount of any expected reimbursement, stating the amount of any asset that has been recognised for that expected reimbursement.
