Reserve Bank of India (Non-Banking Financial Companies - Responsible Business Conduct) Third Amendment Directions, 2026

RBI/2026-27/230 DOR.MCS.REC.No.199/01-01-039/2026-27 August 6, 2026

Reserve Bank of India (Non-Banking Financial Companies - Responsible Business Conduct) Third Amendment Directions, 2026

Certain instructions on matters related to engagement of recovery agents by Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have been issued to NBFCs under Chapter III on ‘Responsible Lending Conduct’ of the Reserve Bank of India (Non-Banking Financial Companies – Responsible Business Conduct) Directions, 2025. The extant instructions have since been reviewed and it has been decided to issue comprehensive instructions on conduct related matters in recovery of loan dues and engagement of recovery agencies to all NBFCs, excluding Mortgage Guarantee Companies, Core Investment Companies, NBFC-Account Aggregators, Standalone Primary Dealers, Non-Operating Financial Holding Companies, and NBFCs not having any customer interface.

2. In exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 45JA, 45L and 45M of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Reserve Bank, being satisfied that it is necessary and expedient in public interest so to do, hereby issues the Amendment Directions hereinafter specified.

3. Short Title and Commencement

(1) These Directions shall be called the Reserve Bank of India (Non-Banking Financial Companies - Responsible Business Conduct) Third Amendment Directions, 2026.

(2) These Directions shall come into effect from January 1, 2027.

4. These Amendment Directions shall modify the Reserve Bank of India (Non-Banking Financial Companies – Responsible Business Conduct) Directions, 2025 as under:

(1) In paragraph 6, the following definitions shall be inserted after sub-paragraph 6(11), namely:

“6(11A) Recovery agency means an entity or individual (other than NBFC’s own employees) who has been engaged by an NBFC, irrespective of the contractual designation / nomenclature used for such engagement, under an outsourcing arrangement to assist in recovery of loan dues from a borrower in default, including taking possession of a security.

6(11B) Recovery agent means a representative of a recovery agency who is involved in recovery related activities, on behalf of an NBFC, at the point of customer interface.

Explanation: Wherever an individual is directly engaged by an NBFC under an outsourcing arrangement for recovery / possession related activities, instructions applicable to recovery agency as well as recovery agent shall apply to such an individual.”

(2) In Chapter II on ‘Institutional Framework’, the sub-paragraphs 7(7) and 7(8) shall be deleted.

(3) In Chapter III on ‘Responsible Lending Conduct’, the paragraphs 26, 27 and 89 to 97 shall be deleted.

(4) In Chapter III on ‘Responsible Lending Conduct’, the section I on ‘Responsibilities of Recovery Agents of the NBFC’ and the paragraphs 98 to 100 thereunder shall be deleted. Further, the following section and paragraphs shall be inserted after paragraph 100, namely:

“J. Conduct of NBFCs in Recovery of Loan Dues and Engagement of Recovery Agencies

100A. The provisions under this Section shall apply to recovery of loan dues by an NBFC from borrowers in default, including taking possession of a security.

Provided that, wherever explicitly specified, these provisions shall also apply, mutatis mutandis, to collection of dues in the normal course from the borrowers who are not in default.

100B. The provisions under this Section shall be without prejudice to any statutory rights available to an NBFC, and / or obligations, relating to enforcement of security under any statute, as well as provisions relating to specific recovery actions such as one-time settlement contained in other relevant Directions.

100C. ‘NBFC employees’, for the purpose of this Section, shall include those employees of an NBFC who are deployed for recovery of loan dues, including taking possession of a security.

J.1 Policy

100D. An NBFC shall put in place a policy on collection / recovery of loan dues, including taking possession of a security, by its own employee or recovery agent. The policy shall, inter alia, cover aspects related to trigger(s) for initiation of recovery process, graded actions as per an escalation matrix for loan recovery, code of conduct for employees and recovery agents, recovery of loan dues in case of demise of borrower, a structured framework for handling cases involving financial distress including documented pre-escalation engagement and guidance regarding available resolution options, etc.

100E. Further, with regard to engagement of recovery agencies, the policy shall cover, inter alia, eligibility and due diligence criteria for engagement of recovery agencies, performance evaluation standards, inspection / audit and control mechanisms to ensure compliance with statutory / regulatory requirements, procedures to be followed / penal actions to be taken in case of non-compliant recovery agencies and / or their agents, etc.

100F. The policy shall also incorporate provisions relating to compensation to the borrowers / guarantors for loss arising on account of recovery related actions of the NBFC or recovery agencies not consistent with these Directions.

100G. An NBFC, deploying a technology-based mechanism for recovery of loan dues in terms of instructions issued at paragraph 100S below, shall incorporate the related aspects under the policy on collection / recovery of loan dues, including but not limited to the restrictions that shall be applied in a gradual manner on a financed mobile device in case of default by the borrower, timelines for issuing notice to the defaulting borrower, role and responsibilities of third party service provider (if the mechanism is not developed or maintained by the NBFC), etc.

J.2 Engagement of recovery agencies for recovery of loan dues

J.2.1 Due diligence

100H. An NBFC engaging recovery agencies shall put in place a due diligence process for their engagement, which shall conform to the instructions issued by the Reserve Bank in the Reserve Bank of India (Non-Banking Financial Companies – Managing Risks in Outsourcing) Directions, 2025, as amended from time to time. An NBFC or the recovery agencies engaged by it shall carry out verification of the antecedents of the recovery agents at pre-engagement level and subsequently, on an ongoing basis at a pre-defined periodicity as specified in the NBFC’s policy.

J.2.2 Training

100I. An NBFC shall ensure that the recovery agency engages only those agents who have obtained the certificate from Indian Institute of Banking and Finance (IIBF) after completing the training programme for Debt Recovery Agents offered by IIBF or any other institute having a tie-up arrangement with IIBF. An NBFC shall also ensure that recovery agents already engaged by its recovery agencies, but not holding the aforesaid certificate, obtain the certificate from IIBF within a period of one year from the effective date of these Directions.

J.2.3 Code of Conduct for recovery agents and NBFC employees

100J. An NBFC, based on the instructions mentioned in these Directions, shall put in place a code of conduct for recovery agents and its own employees. Where a recovery agency has been engaged, the NBFC shall obtain an undertaking from the recovery agency that its recovery agents agree to abide by the code of conduct.

J.3 Responsibilities of an NBFC

J.3.1 Disclosure of information on recovery agencies

100K. An NBFC shall make available an up-to-date list of recovery agencies empanelled with or engaged by it on its website. Such list shall include the name and other details of the recovery agencies such as type (corporate / individual), correspondence address, the period of engagement and purpose of engagement (recovery / possession of security). The NBFC shall update the list within seven calendar days of any modification to the list. However, in the event of termination of the agreement with a recovery agency for any reason, the NBFC shall promptly update such list.